Quintilians Versuch einer funktionalen Literaturbetrachtung
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34679/thersites.vol2.21Keywords:
Literary Criticism, Literary History, Theory of Reception, Category, Contingency, Imitation, Cultural Development, Theory of the Emergence of Culture, Mannerism, Utility, Pragmatism, Individual StyleAbstract
GERMAN
Die mit dem Namen von Hans Robert Jauß verbundene Rezeptionstheorie hat die Literaturwissenschaft im 20. Jahrhundert gelehrt, den Blick von der Produktion eines literarischen Kunstwerkes auf dessen Rezeption zu lenken. Gleichzeitig wurden literarische Gattungen nicht mehr als naturgegeben erachtet, sondern an ihrer Wirkung gemessen. Ansätze zu solcherart Literaturbetrachtung finden sich bereits bei Quintilian im zehnten Buch der Institutio oratoria.
Der Redelehrer des ausgehenden ersten Jahrhunderts diskutiert Literatur nicht nach dem überkommenen Gattungsschema. Vielmehr scheint er die Gattungen für ein eher zufälliges Produkt zu halten. Folglich interessiert ihn nicht der Ursprung der römischen Literatur, sondern vielmehr der Nutzen, den sie für die Bildung des Redners entfalten kann. Seine Vorstellung von der Herausbildung und Entwicklung von Literatur beruht auf dem Konzept der imitatio. Dieses hat er nicht, wie man vermuten könnte, Aristoteles entlehnt. Stattdessen folgt er wohl eher epikureischen Quellen. Utilitas ist bei ihm der eigentliche Antrieb jeder kulturellen Entwicklung, auch der Literatur. Deshalb ist der Maßstab, den er bei der Literarkritik anlegt, stets der Nutzen bzw. die Funktion für seine eigene Zeit. Eine romantisch gefärbte, sentimentale Rückschau in die Vergangenheit, wie sie römische Antiquare pflegten, lehnt er ab. Mit Recht darf er unter die Modernisierer der Flavischen Epoche eingereiht werden.
ENGLISH
The 20th century has seen a shift from the perspective on production to the perspective of reception. Literary genres are not any more “given by nature”, but they are determined by their function or rather their effect. Yet, one might see already in Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria X a classification of literature according to its effect – in this case, its educational effect. As this paper shows, Quintilian does not discuss literature according to traditional categories or literary genres. He rather advocates the idea of contingency and denies the natural authority of Greek genres. He is not so much interested in the origins of Roman literature, but in the function of poetry and its usefulness for the education of future orators. The key concept in his account on the development of literature and culture as a whole is imitatio. His concept of imitatio is not derived from Aristotle, Quintilian may rather have taken the inspiration for his model from Lucretius and other Epicurean sources. The stimulus for imitation is given by utilitas. All cultural achievements came into being because they were seen as useful. Imitation goes hand in hand with innovation. In dealing with tradition Quintilian never stares with awe at the great men of old, but calculates very soberly what is useful (utile) and what is not. In judging literature, his yardstick is the need of his own time. He measures literature from the point of view of reception. His literary judgement is more innovative and his attitude towards the Roman past less sentimental than it appears to be at first sight. We may enrol him among the modernizers in Flavian age.
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